Petrology is the branch of geology dealing with the origin, occurrence, composition, structure, properties and history of rocks. The study of the absolute and relative abundances of chemical elements in the minerals, soils, ores, rocks, water and atmosphere of the Earth. |
Aqueous and Environmental Geochemistry |
The study of the form, arrangement and internal structure of the rocks, especially the description, representation, orientation and analysis of structures, chiefly on a moderate to small scale. Structural geology is similar to tectonics, although the latter is generally used for broader regional or historical phases. |
The quantitative study of the structure, composition, and dynamic changes of the Earth, based on the principles of physics. Geophysics is very broad in scope, embracing a variety of specialties including geology, hydrology, oceanography, magnetostratigraphy and seismology. Many of the investigative techniques developed by geophysicsts are used in the exploration for petroleum and mineral deposits. |
The Cold Regions Analysis Group explores Earth processes through observation and modeling of surficial processes. Glaciology models how glaciers advance and retreat and the physical changes that convert snow to the various types of ice. Geomorphology is the study of the origin and evolution of the Earth's landforms. |
The science of acquiring, processing and interpreting information about an object by recording devices not in physical contact with the item of interest. The methods involved in remote sensing are usually restricted to those that record the interaction between a material and electromagnetic radiation, which is determined by the physical properties of the object of interest and the wavelength of energy that is recorded. Detection systems include cameras, infrared detectors, microwave frequency receivers, radar and satellites. |
The study of the movement of water through the Earth system, its impact on geologic processes and the affect of water quantity and quality on human activities. Geohydrologists investigate water on the Earth's surface such as in wetlands or streams. In addition, they deal with water in the subsurface. Groundwater quality, quantity and movement are all geohydrological concerns of immense societial importance. |
The scientific study of sedimentary rocks and of the processes by which they were formed, based upon the description, classification, origin, and interpretation of sediments and sedimentary structures. |
The study of the life of past geologic periods based on fossil remains and their relationships to existing plants, animals and environments in the pursuit of detailing the chronology of Earth's history. |
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